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Rabelais and His World
''Rabelais and His World'' is a scholarly work which is considered one of Mikhail Bakhtin's most important texts and a now a classic of Renaissance studies. In the work Bakhtin explores ''Gargantua and Pantagruel'' by the French Renaissance writer François Rabelais.〔Clark and Holquist 295〕
Bakhtin declares that, for centuries, Rabelais’s book had been misunderstood, and claimed that ''Rabelais and His World'' clarified Rabelais’s intentions. In ''Rabelais and His World'', Bakhtin concerns himself with the openness of ''Gargantua and Pantagruel'', however, the book itself also serves as an example of such openness.
Bakhtin attempts two things: he seeks to recover sections of ''Gargantua and Pantagruel'' that, in the past, were either ignored or suppressed, and he conducts an analysis of the Renaissance social system in order to discover the balance between language that was permitted and language that was not. It is by means of this analysis that Bakhtin pinpoints two important subtexts: the first is ''carnival'' (carnivalesque) which Bakhtin describes as a social institution, and the second is ''grotesque realism'' which is defined as a literary mode. Thus, in ''Rabelais and His World'' Bakhtin studies the interaction between the social and the literary, as well as the meaning of the body.〔Clark and Holquist 297-299〕
==History of the text==
Bakhtin completed his book on Rabelais (titled ''Rabelais in the History of Realism'') in 1940. After several attempts to get the book published fell through, it was submitted as a dissertation for the Candidate of Sciences degree at the Gorky Institute of World Literature in Moscow. At the dissertation's defense in 1946, all three official opponents were in favor of awarding Bakhtin a higher degree: the Doctor of Sciences, and their motion was accepted with a narrow majority vote. However, following an assault on the institute published in the press at the time, and after six years of repeated revisions and deliberations, USSR's VAK decided Bakhtin would only receive the Candidate of Sciences degree.〔See commentary to vol. 4 of Bakhtin's Collected Writings (''Sobranie sochinenii'', Moscow: Russkie Slovari, 2008–2010)〕 The book was eventually published in Russian in 1965, under the title ''Rabelais and Folk Culture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance''. Its 1968 English translation by Hélène Iswolsky was given the title, ''Rabelais and His World''.
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